“Where Youth Grows Pale, and Spectre-Thin, and Dies”: Death and Disease in Select Poems of John Keats
Abstract
The aim of this article is to portray the treatment of death and disease in select poems of John Keats and to relate the autobiographical element of the poems to the current scenario of COVID-19 pandemic and the consequent existential crisis faced by humanity. Having lost his multiple family members to consumption and himself being afflicted by the same disease, Keats put his personal experiences with disease and death in his compositions where he sought to find comfort for his pain in the ethereal blissful world of creativity. In this turbulent hour where whole humanity is fighting with a deadly pandemic, poems of Keats offer a ray of sunshine and optimism to sail through the sorrow. The article will present Keats’ classic poems, “La Belle Dame Sans Merci” (1819), “Ode to a Nightingale” (1819), and “To Autumn” (1819), which were written by Keats when tuberculosis had taken a huge toll on both his body and mind. The poems display the psychological, physical, financial, familial, and social trauma Keats had to face due to the disease and how he channelled this agonising experience into writing healing artefacts for the future generations. Qualitative methodology is used in this research article and textual annotations of the mentioned poems are cited. The anguish and hopelessness induced by disease is reflected in the textual analysis of poems by Keats and it raises multiple questions on the condition of humanity in the present period. Ultimately, it is obvious that Keats was sensible to the hardships of the humankind and worked in the direction of uplifting the souls of people who seemed to have lost the spirit of life during the times of crisis.
Keywords: Art, COVID-19 Pandemic, Death, Disease, Keats.
The turbulent period of COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in humanity seeking solace in art in an hour of crisis. Poetry has emerged as the dominant genre to soothe the spirit of people in this dark hour. Two-hundred years ago, a great classical poet had to endure the same agony of being quarantined and being afflicted with a deadly disease. John Keats, the great Romantic poet, has written verses that seem apt to find a ray of hope during this time as in his poetry he wrote of death and disease and how to deal with the same because of the fact that he himself was diagnosed with consumption. In 1820, the 24-year-old poet took a trip to the sunny climate of Rome to alleviate the pain caused by the disease and spent 10 days in quarantine in the Bay of Naples as typhus pandemic was spreading like forest fire in London and the people on land were frightened that people aboard may bring the typhus infection with them, a scenario mirroring the situation of present times. His doctrine of Negative Capability puts forth the ideal of dealing in uncertainties as life is unpredictable and there can be no fixed ground based on facts. The abrupt onset of the wave of the pandemic globally has too taught humanity to not take the order for granted and the need to be at tiptoes for any uncertain event.
Keats taught humanity to hold life together even in the hour of pain. He gained this deep insight as he had witnessed disease and death up close as his mother, and younger brother Tom died due to tuberculosis, a disease that engulfed his life too in later years. He connected his personal suffering to a great cause by penning poems that will heal and comfort humanity in the times of unease. In a world where nothing is stable, Keats poetry yearns to consummate life and death, the transient and the supernatural. The agony of being secluded and living alone, being separated from friends and family, segregated from his love Fanny Browne, physical and mental discomfort due to disease, financial loss, and the forced exile in the last months of his life are enough instances to connect to the distress of general humanity through his art. The disturbing issues that humanity is currently facing about mortality and obscurity due to economic and health problems mirror Keats’ own struggles as a young, diseased, economically weak yet talented person who lost battle to a deadly disease in early years of his life. In a world dominated by capitalism and degrading moral values, Keats’s poems teach humanity to seek pleasure in simple elements of nature. The article discusses the theme of death and disease in the three classic poems of John Keats: “La Belle Dame Sans Merci” (1819), “Ode to a Nightingale” (1819), and “To Autumn” (1819). The three poems were written when Keats was in the trap of consumption and thus the poems highlight the existential issues dealing with life and death, nature and material, and real and ethereal. The aim is to offer an optimistic insight to the readers in the hour of the COVID-19 pandemic that despite pain and discomfort, life goes on and the sun shines brightly when the gloomy clouds subside.
LA BELLE DAME SANS MERCI
In “La Belle Dame Sans Merci” (1819), Keats provides a unique relation between death and romanticism where he fantasizes death as a betraying mistress. Keats wrote this ballad when he was severely affected by consumption. The rampant urbanization of the twentieth century resulted into serious health concerns for people of Europe and suffocating damp rooms and poverty gave birth to deadly disease of consumption, now known as tuberculosis. There was no cure for this disease at that time and it was popularly referred to as the “white plague” by people. As a result, unknowingly people used to associate this communicable disease to heredity and rendered it as a plague affecting only those who are sexually promiscuous. Consequently, due to ignorance and false beliefs, this disease engulfed nearly 40% of the population of Europe with the working class being the one affected the most. Keats lost his uncle, mother, and brother to this contagion, and while tending to his brother, he himself got the disease. This was also the time when Keats separated from Fanny Browne and was quite alone in his life with an ailing body. Thus, he romanticizes a close encounter with a dangerous beautiful woman in the ballad which symbolises both his fear and enchantment for the harsh truth of facing death.
In the beginning of the poem, we have a knight who is in an opposite state of what he symbolises. He is not in vigour but a powerless entity that is near the verge of dying on the banks of a lake. The first three stanzas of the ballad bear a stark similarity to the tubercular illness of Keats and his pitiful and lonely condition as a result of it:
Oh, what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,
Alone and palely loitering?
The sedge has withered from the lake,
And no birds sing!
Oh, what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,
So haggard and so woe-begone?
The squirrel’s granary is full,
And the harvest’s done.
I see a lily on thy brow,
With anguish moist and fever-dew,
And on thy cheeks a fading rose
Fast withereth too. (“La Belle Dame Sans Merci,” pp. 258-259)
The landscape of the poem is described as bleak as the condition of Keats due to the infection. Portraying himself as a powerless knight, Keats seems to be shouting out loud the pain he felt when he realised that his creative potential will not be utilised fully due to the impending death in front of which he has no option but to put down his weapons and seek mercy. The merciless nature of death for Keats is represented in the form of the heartless lady who has no heed for the love of the knight and makes every knight that visits her pass through the same sieve of misery and death. The winter scenery is reflective of the cold climate that wreaked havoc on the health of Keats and worsened the disease with “moist” sweat and frequent “fever.” With no birds singing and complete horror of silence, he is left with no desire to move on as his diseases has made him lose motivation to live and he often described the last years of his life as having a “posthumous existence” (John Keats’s letter to Charles Brown, November 30, 1820). The “haggard” face of the knight is the sullen and disease-stricken lifeless face of Keats himself which is fraught with woes of the future. Being isolated and dejected, the knight-at-arms is in the state of hopeless despair where nature seems to be favourable for the squirrel who is preparing granary for winter rather than for the knight. The withering nature is objective correlative of the sunken and lifeless face of Keats that resembles a “fading rose.” Here Keats also appears to be giving the universal message about the cycle of life and nature where no matter how beautiful a thing is, it is doomed to wither and die.
As the narrative of the ballad progresses, Keats alludes that he met “a fairy’s child” in the wilderness whose “eyes were wild.” The knight in the poem loses all his youthful vitality after spending time together with this mysterious lady in a grotto. Paul Barber has stated that here Keats may have been under the influence of Eastern European folklore in which generally tuberculosis was seen as associated with vampirism (115). No wonder the analogy of a vampirish woman sucking out life out of a knight was used by Keats as he wanted to beautifully present the pain he was going through as a result of the disease. This may also evoke the sense that Keats might have visualised a heavenly abode after death and saw the disease as a painful passage he had to endure to achieve the eternal bliss. It is a thing of wonder that Keats composed this gloomy wintry poem about death in the jolly and colourful month of April when flowers bloom and life is at its full spirit in all its forms. Maybe it was an attempt by the poet to put in contrast the sad reality of life that cannot be put behind the curtain by occasional bursts of lively spirit. Surprisingly, the COVID-19 pandemic too engulfed the entire world in the blooming month of April, which was not at all apt with the literary conventions of a deadly scenario!
The devastating psychological effect of his mother’s death from consumption can be gauged from the fact that few critics have compared the evil heartless woman in the poem to Keats’ mother. Keats must have felt betrayed in a sense due to the sudden death of his mother. Maybe, he was mentally unprepared at the young age of 14 and this trauma might have surfaced in this ballad where he craves for the love of a woman who is beyond reach and all efforts to bring her to the world of Keats go in vain. A. Hyatt Williams did a close analysis of the ballad and deduced that the actions of the knight and the lady in the poem relate to “the child’s first realization of his mother” (69). The lady singing “a fairy’s song,” taking knight in arms, and feeding him “honey wild” and “manna dew,” all instances in the poem echo the wish fulfilment dream that serves the purpose of providing a vicarious feeling of lost motherly love for Keats. By meeting the lady in his dream, Keats is in a way traversing the netherworld. He yearns to learn of an otherworldly kingdom beyond the reality of human life where opposites are reconciled and there is a hope for life and happiness after death. Keats imminent death might have pushed him into taking refuge into envisioning the underworld or the heavens where the dead bodies can find a new existence in the form of beautiful souls. Hence, Keats presents “death as both an end and a point of origin, poetry is itself a figure for survival” (Corcoran 346).
At the end of the day, the lady symbolises the death itself that has consumed “pale kings” and “princes” and soon will lull him “asleep.” Keats here seems to be finding peace with his death by consoling himself that not even the mightiest warriors had the strength and intellect to resist it. Due to constantly being afflicted by the pain resulting from consumption and an ever-going thought about the approaching death, Keats in a way started seeing death as his companion with whom he will have to sojourn for a long time and thus he makes assumptions and narratives in advance to comprehend and absorb the quality of its nature. “Alone and palely loitering” does not bring him hopelessness but a ray of positivity that the death will result in meeting an entity of a greater magnitude than human existence. Thus, Keats romanticizes death in the ballad “La Belle Dame Sans Merci.” The Gothic narrative and inconclusive ending of the poem highlights the confusion in Keats’ life regarding his health as he was unsure whether he will be strong enough to survive or will ultimately succumb to death. The supernatural elements in the poem render an ethereal quality to it and aptly showcase the existential trauma of a person on the verge of death.
ODE TO A NIGHTINGALE
“Ode to a Nightingale” (1819) by Keats highlights the existential struggle between the mortal and the immortal; a struggle which becomes more emphasized in turbulent times such as an epidemic or being afflicted by a disease. This was the time when Keats was heartbroken due to the death of his younger brother as a result of consumption and his composition shows his own brooding about his looming death. The nightingale’s song in the poem represents the eternal bliss that humanity yearns for but death and disease robs one of youth and life’s vitality. The poet laments the loss of Keats’s youthful charm as a result of being affected by consumption and desires his poetry to be a substitute for his wish to live eternally, just like the nightingale’s song. Keats wanted an opium taker, which he used to consume to alleviate his pain. The drowsiness that affects the poet as a result of the influence of opium is compared to a death-like experience and it is assumed that the poet penned this poem under the influence of opium:
My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains
My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk,
Or emptied some dull opiate to the drains
One minute past, and Lethe-wards had sunk. (“Ode to a Nightingale,” p. 266)
The forgetfulness of pain that Keats feels under the influence of opium is compared to passing through river Lethe, the river of forgetfulness in the Underworld. Moreover, what becomes more interesting is that the poet has mirrored the process of a poet being consumed in by the poetic creation to Keats himself being consumed by the disease. Thus, the poet is constructing the idea of “body as at once consuming and consumable” (Tagore 74). Tuberculosis disease had huge impact on both psychological and poetic processes of Keats and consequently he started to embody the pain and the disease and accepted willingly this discomfort as a part of his existence, which may be seen as his effort to come to terms with the unease he felt in his life as a result of the disease. The disease became like a liberating aspect for him that in turn refined his poetic capability and resulted in such masterpieces.
The poet is more or less jealous of the nightingale’s song for both its physical and philosophical aspects. The nightingale “Singest of summer in full-throated ease”,” but Keats did not have even the luxury of singing his heart out because his throat was sore most of the time due to consumption. Keats mentions intoxicating substances in the poem such as “hemlock,” “opiate,” and “vintage” wine. The desire of the poet to transcend the real world to experience an otherworldly life is the driving force of his poetry and reflects the agonising condition of Keats as a result of consumption, which he wanted to get rid of:
That I might drink, and leave the world unseen,
And with thee fade away into the forest dim- (“Ode to a Nightingale,” p. 268)
The poet wants to achieve a sense of being absorbed into nature and become a forever entity just like the nightingale’s song. The Romantic spirit of Keats is at its best in this poem where he describes death as an escape from the vicissitudes of life and being one with nature. He wants to “dissolve” into the “forest dim” and “forget” the trials and tribulations that his physical existence has bestowed upon him. The nightingale “among the leaves hast never known” the agonies of human consciousness and is free from “The weariness, the fever, and the fret.” The following stanza sums up the entire existential crisis of human life in few lines:
Here, where men sit and hear each other groan;
Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last gray hairs,
Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies;
Where but to think is to be full of sorrow
And leaden eyed despairs;
Where Beauty cannot keep her lustrous eyes,
Or new Love pine at them beyond to-morrow. (“Ode to a Nightingale,” pp. 268-269)
Here Keats showcases the agony of human existence where everything is transient and youth is just a false promise which shatters as a person grows old. Keats was very much affected by the death of his younger brother Tom due to consumption and he might be referring to his death at a young age. In addition, he himself was at the verge of death due to the same disease as that of his brother and thinking about the transient nature of human life at this stage seems an obvious feat for the poet. He relates his personal experience with disease and death to the general “sorrow” of humanity where everything is “leaden” without any hope for eternal bliss, unlike the song of nightingale.
In order to evade the pain and sorrow inflicted on Keats by the disease, he seeks assistance from the God of poetry, Apollo, and wants to fly on “the viewless wings of Poesy.” The mental effect of the disease on the poet can be easily seen when he states that his “dull brain perplexes and retards” and “here there is no light.” The message of Keats is clear. He offers poetry as a refuge for humanity to put away its sadness and worries and immerse into a world of forgetfulness where there is no pain or evanescence of human life. Just like poetry, the nightingale’s song is the everlasting sweet music of hope for the humankind. Talking in the context of the corona pandemic, this scenario seems apt where many people have taken resort to creativity and art to do away with the uncertainty and the turbulence of the prevailing times. Poetry compositions have seen a huge hike during the period of this contagion and reading and writing habits have been embraced again with huge zeal by people. So, Keats was right when he saw a companion in poetry and the nightingale’s song to forget the sorrows of his life, even if it means for a brief period. Keats refers to this ethereal experience as “embalmed darkness,” just like mummifying oneself in a cocoon of supernatural ecstasy to freeze time in a blissful moment. The poet “offers up his life in imaginary sacrifice” to the high order of cosmos above himself (Ford 49). Keats' preoccupation with death is intensified here where being entombed is associated with discovering new horizons for him, away from the sadness of life. In embracing death, Keats realises the necessity of the cycle of life where the old must be buried to make place for new. Thus, “the seasonable month” observes “Fast-fading violets covered up in leaves,” while “coming musk-rose” is “full of dewy wine” and invites “murmur haunt of flies on summer eves.”
At a later stage in the poem, Keats recounts his legacy of being preoccupied with death in verses and concludes that “more than ever seems it rich to die” while listening to the heavenly song of the nightingale and freeze that moment in time so that he can listen to the song for ever and ever. But at the same time, he deduces that though it would be an “easeful Death,” posthumously he will become a mere “sod” without senses and the nightingale’s “high requiem” will go in vain.” As a result, the desire of Keats to stop the time and embrace death seems ridiculous because ultimately he will not be able to hear the nightingale’s song in his grave. Here, the poet is insinuating the essence of life and cherishing each single moment that life provides. It is a message to the reader to not take life for granted as it can end any moment. Suffering from consumption, Keats realised how short the life is and thus each moment is worth celebrating, just like simply listening to a nightingale’s song. Being near his death, Keats was able to pen down such intense musings on life. In the corona pandemic too, humanity has learnt to value health and life more than ever and people are finding happiness in small details of life amid periods of being quarantined. From playing childhood games to picking up old habits, this pandemic has given a glimpse of the real meaning of life and happiness to humanity. People have realised the value of intangible things over material objects and have learnt to praise the gifts of nature more.
Keats emphasizes the timeless nature of the nightingale’s song by highlighting the fact that the bird’s melodious voice has been carrying the same magical sweetness since times unknown unlike human civilizations that have been washed away by disasters and the process of time:
Thou wast not born for death, immortal bird!
No hungry generations tread thee down;
The voice I hear this passing night was heard
In ancient days by emperor and clown (“Ode to a Nightingale,” p. 272)
Thus, the nightingale’s song surpasses any floods, pandemic, or droughts and equally soothes the people belonging to different classes whether it be an “emperor” or a “clown.” The melodious voice of the bird breaks down the societal barriers and equally treats every single living being. Here again, Keats comments on the materialistic nature of life led by humans which is not fulfilling at the end of the day. Just like the body bound to decay, materialistic possessions too lose their quality over time but the valuable things offered by the bounty of nature are here to stay for generations to come. COVID-19 pandemic has taught humanity how irrelevant the rat race for worldly desires is and the real luxury lies in the lap of nature and carefully preserving this heritage. Keats uses the legend of Ruth to showcase the consoling and healing effect of natural objects which are freely available for humanity. Ruth was forced to leave her native land due to famine and had to work in the fields of other people for survival. Her loneliness was soothed in those hard times by the pleasant song of a nightingale. This legend also relates to the later months of Keats’ life when he had to leave for an alien land, Rome, to alleviate his pain due to the disease. It is poetry and nature that kept him together in that painful period.
“Forlorn” is the powerful word that Keats uses to describe his pitiable physical condition due to consumption, which further leads to his being forlorn in his general world and mental space too. The disease separated him from his love Fanny Browne and other close members of the family due to the fear of the disease being communicated to others. He was forced to live in a foreign land in the last months of his life to extract some breaths from life in a warmer climate in Rome. Tuberculosis also took toll on his creative output as he was unable most of the time to put words to the paper due to the unease and the pain. Thus, Keats coming back from the reverie is his coming back to his senses and realising the reality of his life of being “forlorn.” Like the knight in “La Belle Dame Sans Merci,” the fanciful world of poetry and nightingale’s music cannot ease his pain for long as the nightingale flies away in the darkness and he has to go back to his life like earlier:
Was it a vision or a waking dream?
Fled is the music …Do I wake or sleep? (“Ode to a Nightingale,” p. 274)
The melancholic aspect of the transience of life is highlighted here by Keats. The autobiographical aspect of the poem lends pathos to the narrative and also unravels the plight of human life in general. Coming back to reality symbolises death for Keats. It is the death of the ideal blissful world devoid of pain as “the world of the imagination offers release from the painful world of actuality, yet at the same time renders the world of actuality more painful by contrast” (Brooks 41).
The ode presents Keats hypnotic state of mind while listening to the nightingale’s song as a near-death experience where the poet becomes oblivious to his pain and reality. Keats puts emphasis on the temporary and unpredictable nature of life and insinuates to the reader to relish every moment provided by the abundance of nature, as this corona pandemic had taught humanity. There is a rejection of the material for the natural. Describing the nightingale’s song as “immortal,” the poet offers a hope that takes one away from the prevailing agonies of life and thus art works as a balm in every hour of crisis.
TO AUTUMN
Corona pandemic has shown humankind that it is in the times of adversity that we learn to praise the simple good times we had. Similarly, “To Autumn” (1819) by Keats celebrates the supposedly lifeless season, as for him, it is not symbolic of dullness and lack, but it is a promise of better times we will have in future when the spring arrives. Thus, there is a hopeful message to cherish all phases of life as each single experience, whether harsh or pleasant, brings something new to life. The continuous reference to the cycle of time in the poem resonates with the everlasting movement of time in past, present, and future. Keats praises the beauty of nature in all its forms and thus autumn is no exception. Beauty of change is symbolised by the beauty of seasons which work like refreshing agents for the process of life. The old order being surpassed by new is the very nature of the world and thus death and mortality appear to Keats not as an ending but a gateway for a new life. Despite the scare of the coronavirus, the cycle of seasons remains unaffected and the arrival of spring has yet again taught humanity that there is always a silver lining after the hour of adversity.
Keats rejoices at the fact that autumn brings with it loads of abundance, fertility, harvest, and ripeness. It acts as a buffer zone for the hard times, much like the quarantine period humanity is undergoing in the wake of the corona pandemic. Thus, the stillness and lack for a while is quintessential for the quality of life. Overabundance of everything is undesirable and as “summer has o’er-brimmed” life, autumn needs to neutralize the effect to bring a balance. Ailing Keats took to nature to find a solution to his quandary of early death and the season of autumn answered him that even the loaded “fruit” vines, trees bended with “apples,” swelled “gourd,” plump “hazel shells,” and colourful “flowers” lose their charm and sweetness one day as they near the end of their cycle of life and the season of autumn takes over. Unlike other poets who relate the season of fall to lifelessness and dullness, Keats sees it as the rejuvenating period when the things need to come to a standstill for a while to create space for the new. Keats personifies autumn as “Drowsed with the fume of poppies” and “sound asleep” on a “half-reaped furrow.” Just like in “La Belle Dame Sans Merci” and “Ode to a Nightingale,” here too drowsiness becomes synonymous with death. The reference to peaceful sleep is for the fact that it rejuvenates, restores, heals, transforms, and prepares a person for a new tomorrow. These qualities of sleep are similar to death where setting of the olds yields place to the rising of the new.
Keats uses auditory images to show that just like spring, autumn has its own “music too” and is not devoid of amusement. Just like the cycle of life and death and the important rituals associated with them, the poet equally values the preparations made in autumn for spring, and thus their interrelatedness is what makes up the essence of being alive. The binary play of the two seasons is the reason one is praised over the other but humanity must realise that it is the autumn which yields beauty to spring in contrast. The imageries of “barred clouds,” “soft-dying day,” and “stubble plains' ' with evening taking over are other symbols of death and departure of an old phase. The voice of the creatures is also represented as if they are lamenting for the transience of life. The “small gnats mourn” together “in a wailful choir” as their life span is for just a few days. The rising and “sinking” of the river “as the light wind lives or dies” is representative of the binary of life and death. The loud bleating of “full-grown lambs'' is an oxymoron in itself as it highlights the passage of time by suggesting that they are lambs born previous spring. The subsiding and intensifying tunes of the songs of “Hedge-crickets' ' and “red-breast” Robin associate with the duality of fall and spring, sadness and happiness, maturity and immaturity, life and death. In the end, Keats provides a powerful imagery of “gathering swallows'' twittering in the sky. It shows that the birds are getting together to prepare themselves for the migration before winter sets in. The ending of the poem mirrors the last moments of Keats’s life as he was more than ready to embrace death. He was mentally prepared to lose the transience of the real world for a promising everlasting blissful haven. In the milieu of corona pandemic, the preparation of the migratory birds beforehand shows their judiciousness to be ready in advance for adversity, a model that humanity should also learn from as during the contagion, the lax attitude of people toward the severity of the virus resulted into making this disease a global crisis.
While composing “To Autumn,” Keats was very much affected by consumption and was almost in later stages of the disease. Thus, the binary of life and death finds a prominent space in the poem. Describing the summer season as deceptive and the image of grim reaper that randomly cuts one swathe shows the arbitrary nature of death that favours few while leaves no mercy for the rest. But at the same time, the autumn represents calming of the old as a necessary aspect of life. In context of Keats’ own physical and mental condition as a result of the tuberculosis, Keats' praise for death also presents his yearning to get rid of the pain inflicted on him by the disease and thus he celebrates the autumn season. Death becomes the very machinery that is operating the cycle of life! Through his poetry, Keats sought a perfect union of life and death where all opposites are reconciled away from the definitions of real and ethereal.
The interplay of life and death, the imaginary and the real in the poetry of Keats is more about heading towards death rather than meeting the death itself. The journey of the narrative in the poetry is the autobiographical journey of the poet towards his end due to consumption. The current COVID-19 pandemic scenario highlights the medical conditions of 200 years ago during Keats’s times when there was no cure of life-threatening diseases such as tuberculosis and typhus and the lower strata of the society was the one who was affected most by these diseases due to lack of apt financial and medical support. The poetry of Keats is a ray of optimism in this dark hour where the poet has shown to humanity the possibilities of hope even during the times of adversity. The allusion to death and disease in his compositions is an acknowledgment of the harsh truths of life along with finding succour in the world of art where the pain and discomfort find a balancing ground with rejuvenation and eternal bliss.
References:
*****
Sanjna Plawat, Research Scholar (Ph.D.), Department of English, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India. E-mail: sanjnaplawat261@gmail.com; Mobile: 9911146792